Procopius demonstrates this both in his detailing of the rampant death toll and severe work shortage that resulted from justinian s plague. Rosen, justinian s flea, 309 covering the plague outbreaks of the sixth century. Procopius, in contrast, was describing bubonic plague, which is not. Justinian, the great lawgiver, is portrayed as a hateful tyrant, married to exprostitute, theodora.
The byzantine historian procopius of caesarea 500565 ce identified the beginning of the plague in pelusium on the nile rivers northern and eastern shores. A fullyoutfitted edition of prokopios late antique masterpiece of military history and ethnographyfor the 21stcentury reader. Accounts of the wars given by procopius 1914 suggest justinian was making good progress in his attempts to restore the empire until 541 c. The famines and subsequent inflation that followed put the empire in trouble financially which also contributed to the shrinkage of the military force. The death toll of justinians plague and its effects on the byzantine. Anecdota secret history procopius includes the plague in a long series of.
The plague of justinian 541542 ad, with recurrences until 750 was a pandemic that afflicted. Despite the catchy name, the plague of justinian was identified as the bubonic plague, otherwise known for its 14th century cousin, the black death. Free audio book that you can download in mp3, ipod and itunes format for your portable audio player. The initial jp occurrence is documented at length in procopius 26 and. Parts are so vitriolic, not to say pornographic, that for some time.
Procopius view of the byzantine plague 948 words bartleby. This is an extract from procopius history of the wars in which he details the spread of the disease, and how it thoroughly and mercilessly destroyed men. Procopius view of the byzantine plague 948 words 4 pages procopius attributes the sixthcentury plague in byzantium to god. This translation is from procopius, history of the wars, 7 vols.
The first great plague and the end of the roman empire new york, penguin books, 2007, 208 and 209. The beginning of the plague in justinians empire is fairly well characterized by john of ephesus, procopius, and evagrius scholasticus. Procopius and the justinian plague flashcards quizlet. Procopius magnum opus is the wars, eight books about justinians wars of reconquest against the persians, ostrogoths, and vandals. This book is available for free download in a number of formats including epub, pdf, azw, mobi and more. Plague of justinian simple english wikipedia, the free. The disease earned its name from justinian, the ruler of the byzantine empire at the time. Procopius s history of the wars in 8 books recounts the persian wars of emperors justinus and justinian down to 550 2 books. It decimated the populace and armies of the roman empire. Dewing, loeb library of the greek and roman classics, cambridge. Brought across the sea by rats on trading boats from the ports of egypt, the justinian plague swept through its. Justinian was born in tauresium, dardania, around 482.
Procopius portrays antonina as leading a shameless life, even after marrying belisarius. This includes the famous statistic of 10,000 people per day dying in constantinople page 465. He wrote a number of official histories, including the buildings and on the wars. The death toll of justinian s plague and its effects on the byzantine empire. Justinians plague 541542 ce ancient history encyclopedia.
It is estimated that the plague of justinian killed as many as 100 million people across the world, because it returned about every twelve years until 770 when it stopped for about 500 years. Chapters xxii and xxiii of book ii pages 451473 are procopiuss famous description of the plague of justinian. During his reign, he founded justiniana prima not far from his birthplace. Procopius was of no doubt that this was gods vengeance against justinian, a man he claimed was supernatural and demonic. The plague, 542 internet history sourcebooks project. Justinian plague linked to the black death biblical. According to wendy orent, author of plague, the disease spread in two directions. Procopius, who also wrote a mainstream military history and a toadying description of the monuments which justinian built, had to keep his most acute writing for posthumous publication. Chapters xxii and xxiii of book ii pages 451473 are procopiuss famous description of the plague of.
Partly as a result, the muslim empires of the middle east, where the. Procopius account of the plague in constantinople, 542 the beginning of the plague in justinian s empire is fairly well characterized by john of ephesus, procopius, and evagrius scholasticus. Procopius description of the disease almost certainly confirms the presence of bubonic plague as the main culprit of the outbreak. It caused europes population to drop by around 50% between 541 and 700. Although procopius dedicated his work to the emperor, the real hero in it is general belisarius. A native speaker of latin possibly the last roman emperor to be one, he came from a peasant family believed to have been of illyroroman or thracoroman origins. And in those cases where neither coma nor delirium came on, the bubonic swelling became mortified and the sufferer, no longer.
Descriptions of what appears to have been bubonic plague have survived from throughout ancient roman history. Procopius account of the plague in constantinople, 542. Secret history, translated by richard atwater, chicago. The plague of justinian was a pandemic in the byzantine empire in the years 541542. A firstcentury byzantine historian describes the injustices of justinian s reign. This of course reflects bakers reliance on the procopian eight volume war histories. Evans the emperor justinian, who succeeded his uncle justin to the throne of byzantium in a. The plague takes its name from the monarch of the byzantine empire, justinian i r. The justinian plague of 541544 the first great pandemic of bubonic plague where people were recorded as suffering from the characteristic buboes and septicaemia was the justinian plague of 541 ce, named after justinian i, the roman emperor of the byzantine empire at. It is named for the emperor of the byzantine empire at the time, justinian i r. In this eccentric and erudite book, in which a flea looms as large as an emperor, rosen sets out to establish the forces that transformed the mediterranean world of late antiquity into medieval. Belisarius, the great contemporary general of the empire, is by far the most developed and discussed character within the book. Not, at least, the epoch which the modern historian must assign him.
Procopius was the author of a history in eight books on the wars prosecuted by justinian, a panegyric on the emperors public works projects throughout the empire, and a book known as the secret history that claims to report the scandals that procopius could not include in his officially sanctioned history for fear of angering the emperor, his wife, belisarius, and the generals wife and. In his book secret history procopius detailed the symptoms of this new plague. This small book, in so far as it deals with the secret history is an ancient scandal sheet said to be written in the 6th century by procopius, a man who, if he wrote the truth as he saw it, sets out many salacious comments about mrs justinian, whom he describes as a former lady of the night, and who, he says, brings some of her practices into the public arena in displays of either public. The plague of justinian 541542 ce and onwards is the first fully documented case of bubonic plague in history.
Moreover, the issuing of legislation dropped before the plague since justinian had. You can also read the full text online using our ereader. The writings of procopius are the primary source of information for the rule of the emperor justinian i. He writes at great length on her affair with theodosius, a godson of belisarius. Infectious diseases, xiv, 4 2014, 319 as a general statement. The wars of justinian, the secret history of the court of justinian, the buildings of justinian texts from ancient rome book kindle edition by procopius of caesarea, bybliotech.
Procopius, in his secret history, describes victims as suffering from delusions, nightmares, fevers and swellings in the groin, armpits, and behind. In 533 and 534 he took part in an expedition against the. In the year 541 death fell upon the byzantine empire. He also left a secret history anecdota which was a massive attack on the character of justinian and his wife theodora.
This text flays justinian and theodora as corrupt, immoral, and just plain evil. Each of these authors left accounts of the plague from different view points but. Respectively, harper, fate of rome, 2445 covering the 542 outbreak. Though the plague, described in my former books, attacked the whole world, no fewer men escaped than perished. Procopius, born probably between 490 and 507, caesarea, palestine now in israeldied c. The secret historythe wars of justinian by procopius.
This plague, considered the most devastating up to that time, is also thought to have originated in china and traveled to. Fleas born on the backs of the rats infected humans with the bubonic and septicemic forms of the plague procopius, the plague, 542. One of the bad ones was the justinian plague that affected the byzantine empire. Procopius of caesarea was a lawyer by training, and his three works. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. The glory of the roman empire was a distant memory by the time the byzantine emperor justinian r. The cognomen iustinianus, which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle justin. The byzantine historian procopius first reported the epidemic in 541 from the port of pelusium, near suez in egypt. She was supposedly only restrained by fear of losing the favour of her patron theodora, wife of justinian i r. However, many other major events and trends were a foot during the reign of justinian the great. The secret history of the court of justinian by procopius. The project gutenberg ebook of history of the wars, books. Not even the emperor justinian escaped the epidemic, which named after him. During these times there was a pestilence, by which the whole human race came near to being annihilated.
Procopius, holding a position in a period of transition between classical greek and byzantine literature, is the. From constantinople, the plague spread east into asia minor, west to greece, italy. Procopius on the justinian plague this text by the sixthcentury historian procopius is republished from fordham universitys internet medieval sourcebook. Procopius, byzantine historian whose works are an indispensable. The death toll of justinians plague and its effects on. Weve compiled a reading list of our favourite history books via the amazon influencer. According to cameron 1985, his comments suggest that he believes in a religious explanation for the plague, though he does not here ascribe it to the wrath of god, as did so many of his contemporaries 42. Procopius of caesarea has written the history of the wars which justinian, emperor of the romans, waged against the barbarians of the east and of the west, relating separately the events of each one, to the end that the long course of time may not overwhelm deeds of singular importance through lack of a record, and thus abandon them to oblivion and utterly obliterate them. The plague, 542 was written by procopius as an explanation of the plague that struck the byzantium empire. Procopius, the most important of the byzantine historians, was born at caesarea in palestine towards the beginning of the sixth century of the. Indeed, the buildings are only interesting when they are fitted into procopius overall writings.